Cardiovascular diseases are among the major causes of death worldwide. These diseases can be described as circumstances in which cell loss and injury exceed the capacity for regeneration and repair. Many therapeutic approaches have been developed to prevent and cure these diseases. Because the adult mammalian heart has limited regenerative capacity, harnessing the power of stem and progenitor cells could be one of the most promising approaches to regenerate and repair injured cardiac and vascular tissue. The natriuretic peptide system plays a key role in orchestrating the mammalian heart development. Studies have reported that the natriuretic peptide system has been implicated in the proliferation and differentiation of cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic stem cells, cardiac progenitor/stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Besides, after cardiac damage and ischemic events, the revascularization of the ischemic areas improves cardiac function and delays the onset of heart failure in myocardial ischemia patients. Studies have shown that the natriuretic peptide system can promote vascular regeneration and repair, resulting in improved heart function after an ischemic event. Combining the exogenous administration of natriuretic peptide with stem/progenitor cells differentiating into cardiovascular system cells could be one of the most effective therapies for replenishing and replacing lost or injured cardiac and vascular tissue and cells. As a result, the natriuretic peptide system may play a role in cardiovascular protective and regenerative processes, as well as the proliferation and differentiation of relevant stem cells into cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, via their receptors. In this review, we provide an overview of cardiovascular regenerative medicine and examine the potential applications of the natriuretic peptide system in cardiovascular repair and regeneration.